Company Overview Fonterra - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2161 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? COMPANY OVERVIEW: FONTERRA YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT: Fonterra group was formed in year 2001 No. of years in Business: It has been 14 years since Fonterra is in Dairy business. Relevant Industry: Fonterra has become a house hold name in dairy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Company Overview: Fonterra" essay for you Create order It has spread its wings in many nations like Australia, United States, China etc. Fonterra has many sub brands like Anchor Milk, Farm Gate Milk, Tip Top, Anchor Cheese, Anlene etc. Head Office: Fonterra is working internationally with its head office based in New Zealand Address: Una Place, Takanini, New Zealand. Basic Activities of Company: Exports: Products: Milk, Cheese, Butter and Ice Cream. Countries: United States, China, Australia, Malaysia, Middle East, Africa, Countries of European Union to name few. Activities: Sourcing, production, Manufacturing, Marketing. Company Mission: Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mission is to be natural supplier of dairy nutrition for everyone around the globe, every day. Objectives: To make Fonterra well-known brand world-wide. Being the natural source of dairy nutrition for everybody, everywhere, every day. Develop strong customer partnerships with leading companies in the food and nutrition industries to become their supplier of choice. Policy: Following is explained the Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Policy for its commitment to achieve its objectives: Commitment: It is Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policy to design, develop, implement and maintain a Business Management System that: Overseeing Fonterra, including its control, accountability, decision-making and compliance procedures. Ensuring that Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals are clearly established, and that strategies are in place for achieving them (such strategies being expected to originate from management). Establishing policies for strengthening the performance of Fonterra, including by ensuring that management is proactively seeking to build the businesses of Fonterra through innovation, initiative, technology, new product development, and the development of Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business capital. Establishing performance criteria for Fonterra and monitoring the performance of the Chief Executive Officer and management against these. Appointing the CEO, setting the terms of the CEOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s employment arrangements and, where necessary, terminating the CEOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s appointment. Adopting appropriate procedures to oversee compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, codes and accounting standards. Establishing Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk profile and ensuring that Fonterra has appropriate risk management and regulatory compliance policies in place and that these are monitored on a regular basis, including in relation to health and safety obligations and food safety and quality obligations and objectives. Approving Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy, business plans and policies. Approving and monitoring the progress of major capital expenditure, capital management, and major acquisitions and divestments. The prime management system is always committed towards developing, implementing companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies and reviewing them regularly for assumed results. Determining the payment to be made for milk supplied by farmer shareholders. Ensuring that adequate plans and procedures are in place for succession planning in relation to the Board and the CEO. Overseeing progress towards meeting the objectives described in the introduction, including through appropriate engagement with senior managers across Fonterra, and in particular with those managers responsible for championing imperatives around food safety and quality. Assurance and improvements: Fonterra is continuing reviewing its policies and working practices. It involves its shareholders in review meetings and other business related processes to ensure its Management system remains appropriate and fruitful towards its activities, products, services and business related risks. Communication: Fonterra always communicate its policy to its employees at all levels to make sure they work towards same goal and contribute accordingly. The policy is periodically reviewed by companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management team to check its effectiveness and to make sure employees are working in right direction and in effective way. Business Management System: Purpose and Scope: At Fonterra, purpose of Business Management System is to support its employees in their business related activities so that their interactions are consistent and effective and their work is always fruitful and generate sustainable profit for company while following a nd obeying all current laws and regulations. Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s documented and tested step-by-stepmethodaimed at smooth functioning throughstandardpractices. Fonterraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management system aims on topicssuch as Organizinganenterprise, Setting and implementingcorporate policies, Establishingaccounting, Monitoring, Quality controlprocedures, Choosing andtrainingemployees, Choosingsuppliersand gettingbest valuefrom them, Marketinganddistribution. Compliance is a legal act which cannot be ignored at any cost. Financial Compliance: Compliance issues related to financial management of sale and or purchase, most critically, most stringent illegal monetary movements. Relying on handful of employees say 2 or 3 employees for legal compliance matters, isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t enough. It has to pervade across the organization. Compliance is something which is beyond company administration and is vital for Import/ Export. Not following this can lead to desaturase results which can lead to following: Fonterra can miss deadlines for delivery, which will cause company unexpected costs which will eat its profits. It can also cause Fonterra losing its customers which will hinder its trustworthiness. As per contract signed with its distributors, it can lead to penalties also. Fonterra has set following set of rules for its employees to overcome Money Laundering, Bribery and Client entertainment, Information Security and Data Protection, Trade Finance L/C situation: Directors must act honestly and in good faith in what the Director believes to be the best interests of Fonterra. Directors must carry out their duties in a lawful manner and use reasonable endeavours to ensure that Fonterra carries out its business in accordance with applicable laws and with a high standard of commercial integrity. Directors must act in accordance with their fiduciary duties and exercise any powers for proper purposes. They should comply with the spirit as well as the letter of the law mindful that in addition to purely legal requirements the proper discharge of their duties as directors requires high ethical and moral standards of behaviour. Directors must avoid conflicts of interest wherever possible, and where these do arise, declare and manage them in accordance with legal requirements and the intent and content of this Charter. If a known conflict exists, the Chairman will take all reasonable steps to avoid any relevant papers being circulated to the affected Director prior to any Board discussion taking place. The affected Director should excuse themselves from discussion and should not vote on matters in which they have an interest. Directors will not take for themselves any opportunity discovered through the use of Fonterra property, information or position, or use Fonterra property, information or position for personal gain. Directors will not accept gifts or personal benefits of any value from external parties if that could be perceived as compromising or influencing any decision by the Director or Fonterra. (g) Directors will only trade in Fonterra securities (including Co-operative Shares and Fonterra Shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Fund Units) in accordance with the Securities Trading Policy. Directors will maintain and protect the confidentiality of information of or held by Fonterra, except where disclosure is allowed of required by law or a relevant regulatory body or the information is otherwise in the public domain. The qualifications and skills of employees include: unquestioned honesty and integrity; a proven track record of creating value for shareholders; time available to undertake the responsibilities; an ability to apply strategic thought to matters in issue; a preparedness to question, challenge and critique; the ability and knowledge to comprehend the wider commercial and economic framework in which Fonterra operates; and a willingness to understand and commit to the highest standards of governance for Fonterra. Custom Compliance: Along with financial compliance, Custom Compliance is equally is equally important and should must not be neglected. It is a technical area which can be worked at with proper training and accurate paperwork and legal advice. Process and Function interactions: Organization Structure: The structure of an organization is based on the business process and functions it carries out and structure identifiers like different terms and departments involved, authorities and international business related activities. Following is an example of organizational structure: Every organization has an Export Compliance Officer in Export Department. Export Compliance Officer is authorised for all compliance related jobs. His responsibilities includes: Signing and authorising license applications. Maintain trade compliance policies and operational procedures. Maintain other procedural changes that apply to export compliance. Prepare complex licenses and agreements to support programs. To supervise and provide development opportunities to the export and import compliance staff. Criminal and Civil liability, Penalties for violating laws and for non-compliance. Standard Operating Procedures: Pro-forma Invoice/ Quotation: It is originated by Sales and Marketing department. Identify the who the customer is, what his product is and which country he is from. Pricing to be worked out which can include freight charges, local transportation, miscellaneous charges, arrival cost or duty etc. To get approval from head of department of Marketing and Finance and Export Compliance Officer. Confirming and matching quotations with agreement. Contract: Started by Sales/ Marketing Team Suggests the terms, contract has been agreed at. Most importantly it includes clauses like payment clause, credit, dispute settlement, terms of trade, description of products etc. Approval from Marketing, Finance and Legal Head, Export Compliance officer. Supplier selection and control: Originated by Supply Department. Supplier is usually selected while keeping factors like, ability to comply with Export/ Import Laws and Regulations. Financial stability of supplier, their reputation, feedback from other companies etc. Export Compliance Officer, Finance head, Supply chain and Legal etc. are involved while selecting a supplier of raw materials. After selection, Supplier is continuously examined to make sure his reliability and performance. Review of Supplier is done each year to track its performance and to consider amount of business to be sourced through him. Purchase order processing Procedure: Purchase Order Processing Procedure can easily be understood with help of following image: When purchase requisition is made, Dept. manager approves the order. It is then approved and signed by Plant Manager. Further Purchase Order form is filled and its copy is mails/ couriered or faxed to supplier to confirm order. Firm record the Purchase order no. After receiving the delivery, receipt of product is matched with PO and on matching, it is sent to accounts department. Procurement of the Order: After order is received, Electronic or Written communication with customer is done, sending him details of order known as Acknowledgement of Order. Afterwards, the sales manager verifies the order and matches it with quote in terms of price, quantity, product no., description, delivery, credit, trade terms, documents, payment terms etc. Order Documents are generated and information of order is entered in Order Processing Form. Plant manage r reviews the order and schedule production meetings. Order is sent to production department. Quality check is carried out while and after production and results are documented for each batch. After production, order is shipped to customer and the details of order received are sent to billing department. Once the order is received by customer, payments received from customer are sent to accounts department for processing. Once the order is complete, all documents related are placed in order files under customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name, which can be Sales Order, Acknowledgement of Order, Customer order Form, Work Order etc. Documentation and record keeping: Business Management System documents are controlled and kept safe to make sure they describe product, process, responsibility, reliability of records. Management system follows an approved process which is maintained in a documented procedure. List of current version is maintained and their distribution is controlled. Correct versions of documents are available at the locations where they are needed. All controlled documents are approved for release by designated authority responsible for the process. Distribution system is designed to ensure that personnel are aware of relevant documents. Regular training is implemented to ensure that access to the Controlled Technical Data is limited to only those individuals approved to access this data. The Business Management System records are maintained to provide evidence of conformity to requirements and to demonstrate the effective operation of the BMS. Records are made available to review by customer, regulatory authority in accordance with the contract or regulatory requirements. Any records containing confidential data are limited to those individuals approved to access the data. Training: Training sessions aims all employees of company. Almost each employee is given an overview about company and its international business while at time of joining. Organizations has to make sure that person involved in the job is trained for his individual duties. Employees are often monitored by their supervisors to determine their capability to carry out their respective job and responsibilities. Each employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s training and capability level is recorded and reviewed at regular intervals. Audits: Audits are done at regular intervals to make sure the sturdiness of various departments of an organization to meet 100% compliance. Area Frequency Type of Audit Frequency Type of Audit Marketing Quarterly Internal Yearly External Finance Monthly Internal Yearly External Purchase Monthly Internal Yearly External Training Half Yearly Internal Yearly External References Export Compliance Jobs: Compliance Crossing. (n.d.). Retrieved from Compliance Crossing Web Site: https://www.compliancecrossing.com/job-description/4485/Export-Compliance-Jobs/# Ltd, F. C. (31-Aug-2012). New Zealand Productivity Commission: Local Government Regulatory Performance Issues Paper July 2012 . Fonterra Group. Auckland. Management System: Business Dictionary. (2015). Retrieved from Business Dictionary Web Site: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management-system.html

The Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection - 926 Words

Charles Darwin was the creator of Darwinism which is, â€Å"the theory of evolution by natural selection† (Junker 1). In school we are often taught that natural selection is survival of the fittest or the strongest wins. What seems to be a simple topic is actually one of the leading theories on the side of evolution in the highly controversial debate on Darwinism vs. Creationism. Darwinism states that certain genes in a population change through individuals. These â€Å"strong† genes are then produced more and are better able to survive making them the fittest. According to natural selection this process of evolving â€Å"usually takes place over many years, but in fast-breeding organisms it can occur rapidly, for example the spread of antibiotic resistance in some bacteria† (Natural Selection† 1). Darwin then decided to look for the common descent of humans. â€Å"Darwin wrote that the human animal is closest to the two African great apes (chimpanzee and gorilla), with which it shares a common primate ancestor in the remote past† (Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)†). This theory coincided with his theory of natural selection saying that the great apes started to develop genes that were humanlike until we became fully human. Darwinism also claims that all organisms have a common descent. Then from this common descent they begin natural selection where the evolve with the strongest traits. Where these original organisms come from is often a battle ground for the debate. Darwinism does notShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe theory of evolution by natural selection proposes that all species are related (Eade, S. and profile, V. 2014). There is estimated to be between 6 million and 100 million different species in the world, with more species undiscovered than those discovered; this is all owing to the concept of evolution (Borenstein, S. 2014). Evolution is defined as the â₠¬Å"change in the characteristics of a species over many generations (Linstead, 2012).† The most widely accepted theory of evolution is natural selectionRead MoreNatural Selection And The Theory Of Evolution1536 Words   |  7 PagesNatural selection and The Theory of Evolution were just two of the things that Charles Darwin conquered through the exploration of The Galapagos Island. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. While Darwin was still in high school, his main interest was nature, he was especially interested in beetles. Darwin’s father, Robert Darwin, who was best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin, wanted Charles to become a doctor. Due to lack on interest in the medicine fieldRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection965 Words   |  4 Pages The beginning of life on earth was always thought out as Gods creation and evolution was just a mystery in itself. Many people have always been interested in their origins and have found explanations using evidence that validates the story, but where is the proof? In 1859 a man by the name of Charles Darwin wrote a novel called the Origin of Species basically expressing the theory of evolution by natural selection. An extremely complicated story, but a very effective explanation of life as weRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1027 Wo rds   |  5 PagesPart A: Evolution of Polar Bears Introduction The theory of evolution by natural selection (Darwinism), first formulated in Darwin s book On the Origin of Species in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and that have more offspring. The first three ideas were already under discussion among earlier and contemporaneous naturalistsRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1726 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussing Darwinian and Modern Evidence in Support to The Theory of Evolution by Natural selection Evolution is the gradual development of life on Earth. It is responsible for the unusual carnivorous plants (species such as Dionaea muscipula), the beautiful coloured plume of the male peacock, even the possibility of cells adapting to protect against continual low exposure to radiation (Russo, GL. et al 2012). Without it, the lavish diversity of organic life we interact with every day would be non-existentRead MoreTheory Of Evolution By Natural Selection896 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. According to history, Charles Darwin is the first scientist to frame the theory of evolution by natural selection. It was publish in his book title On the Origin of Species 1859†. Darwin express the theory of evolution by natural selection as a process by which species change over a period of time. This change take place because of the changes in genetic and behavioral traits. The ability of the organisms to change over time or adjust to fit environmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1692 Words   |  7 PagesDarwinian Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Background information Even though evolution is an ancient concept, Charles Darwin brought up a new idea focusing on naturalistic modification of a population over time. He believed that species differ over time and space. In other words, after a period of time creatures undergo genetic mutations in their genetic code in which the beneficial mutations are preserved and the disadvantage mutations are eliminated. This concept he termed as natural selectionRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pagesinvariance and stability. Darwinism rejects all supernatural phenomena and causations. The theory of evolution by natural selection explains the adaptedness and diversity of the world solely materialistically. It no longer requires God as the creator or designer .Darwin pointed out that creation, as described in the bible and the origin accounts of other cultures, was contradicted by almost any aspect of the natural world. Randolph M. Nesse George C. Williams. Mayr believed that Lamarck did not holdRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1692 Words   |  7 PagesDarwinian Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Background information Even though evolution is an ancient concept, Charles Darwin brought up a new idea focusing on naturalistic modification of a population over time. He believed that species differ over time and space. In other words, after a period of time creatures undergo genetic mutations in their genetic code in which the beneficial mutations are preserved and the disadvantage mutations are eliminated. This concept he termed as natural selectionRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1486 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain the evolution of the word, where you may or may not find altruistic behaviours and most importantly it’s like to evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory was developed by Charles Darwin and documented in his book ‘On the Origin of Species’ (1859). In it’s most simplistic terms it explains how and why animals, including humans, have changed and evolved over time to become the way they are. One of his more well known and supported theories illustrated in his book is the theory of evolution by natural

The Illegal use of Oxycontin Free Essays

Attention Getter: A pill cutter, a bottle of water, a credit card, a straw, a thick white powdery line, then a sniff†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦This is the deadly and illegal use of OxyContin, or otherwise known in my town as OC†s. Credibility: This is a sad description of an on going problem in my very own town. This is a description of a very highly addictive painkiller called Oxycontin. We will write a custom essay sample on The Illegal use of Oxycontin or any similar topic only for you Order Now This pain reliever is already controlling the lives of many of my friends and many people in this country. I feel as though precautions must be met to stop the illegal use of OxyContin from spreading. Purpose: The purpose of my speech is to explain to all of you the downsides and the heavy addiction that this pain reliever causes. I personally believe that this rapidly increasing problem must be stopped. I realize that there is no denying that it’s recreational use and abuse are a problem, there is another more important problem of at least equal concern the needs of people truly suffering from chronic pain and in need of OxyContin for pain relief. Forecast Statement: The negative aspects for both street users and patients and explain what pharmacists, physicians and representatives from the Purdue Pharmaceuticals are doing to ensure that this medication remains available for those who need it and stays out of the hands of those who abuse it. The synthetic opioid OxyContin has become a drug of abuse, following in the steps of other prescription drugs that contain Oxycodone, the active ingredient in OxyContin. The level of abuse and the number of people who have died because of OxyContin abuse are growing. At first many pain specialist initially believed that the controlled-release oxycondone had a low potential for abuse, boy were they wrong. In recent years, this drug has exploded to the streets. The latest report from the DEA, the Drug Enforcement Agency, states that Oxycontins have played a role in over 282 people since the beginning of 2002. The DEA says that it is only a matter of time before every community in this country is confronted with the problem of Oxycontin abuse. No prescription drug in the last twenty years has been so widely abused after it†s release. Oxycontin was pain reliever meant to do good, not bad. Oxycontin is prescribed to patients, who are chronic pain, patients who are dying of cancer, recovering from major surgery and or suffering from unbearable headaches. This pain reliever is known for its significant improvement over all other pain relieving medications. The time-release mechanisms allow the right amount of the medication to be released to keep sustained relief for people in severe pain for up to 12 hours. Not only street users become addicts, patients also become very addicted to their own medicine. Many patients go threw heavy withdrawal symptoms when their prescriptions have ended. No longer will insurance pay or doctors write prescriptions. So they too must turn to the black market to fulfill their addiction. In the worst cases some patients turn to heroin because Oxycontins to expensive. Before a person is prescribed this pill, the patient is supposed to undergo a complete physical examination, the patients record should be contained with detailed documentation of the nature and intensity of the pain, current and past treatment, other illnesses, and their history of drug and alcohol use. Then the risks, type, dosage, and quantity of the pain medication must be explained to the patient. Prescriptions will only be filed out during office hours, lost prescription slips will not be rewritten or otherwise replaced, lost or stolen medications will not be replaced. If asked by the doctor, the patient can be submitted to drug testing and urine screening to ensure that the patient is taking a controlled release of the oxycodone. All of these steps must be taken before the prescription can even be written out by the doctor. The Connecticut Company, Purdue Pharma, first introduced Oxycontins in December of 1995. Since then the popularity of this pain pill has grossed to over 1 billion dollars in U.S. retail Sales last year with of 5.5 million prescriptions written. Street users are attracted to the drugs euphoric high. The time- release is licked or peeled off of the pill. It is then crushed with a hard object broken up to a white powder, then it is broken up into very small lines and snorted or mixed into a dilute and injected into their veins. The drug then provides a high very similar to heroin, like heroin, it becomes highly addictive. OxyContin is a narcotic drug. Narcotic drugs cause not only a physical addiction but also a psychological dependence. Narcotics are drugs that produce a change in response to sensations. Sounds appetizing doesn†t it. The problem with OxyContins is that each tablet contains higher amounts of narcotic than any other painkillers, because of the extended action of the medication. Authorities suggest that this is the reason for the streets popularity. OxyContin abusers who have never used heroin may be attracted to heroin when they can no longer afford the high street level price of OxyContins. Heroin is much cheaper and gives a stronger feeling of euphoria. You may ask how do these drugs get into the hands of abusers? Pharmacy workers take the drug directly from the shelf. People create fraudulent prescriptions. People with or without true illness visit several doctors, perhaps even in several states to obtain a large quantity of the drug. Dishonest doctors write improper prescriptions for money or favors. Addicts rob houses, nursing homes and pharmacies just to get high. On the other hand, many doctors don†t prescribe it because they don†t want to be suspected of irregular practice. As a result of numerous robberies many drug stores no longer carry Oxycontin for the fear of being robbed. All of these factors are hurting the people who are legally prescribed OxyContin or other narcotic pain relievers to treat legitimate conditions, often are unfairly accused of being addicted to the pain medications. Misconceptions about proper pain management sometimes lead to under-utilization of available pain medications. Cancer patients and people in recovery are at a high risk of losing their medication because of the increasing sillegal use of the drug. Many law suits are being brought against Purdue that might hurt the avaiblitly of the drug. What is being done to stop this rapidly growing epidemic? Purdue Pharma has responded to the growing problem of OxyContin abuse by distributing over 400,000 brochures to pharmacists and healthcare professionals to educate them on preventing diversion. Legislative initiatives are also being drafted to make Oxycontins distribution less appealing by creating more strict penalties. Meeting with law enforcement officials in several states. Offering grant money for education and drug abuse prevention programs. Purdue Pharma claims it is committed to finding solutions. In the long term, millions of dollars are being spent on research and development a new pain medication, less likely to be abused. A new painkiller, still in development, is not expected to be available for at least three years, and has yet to be named. Purdue Pharma is anticipating that clinical trials will begin in early 2002. However, years of research and the FDA approval process are hurdles which must be cleared before anything newly-developed can be marketed. Clearly, that is not an immediate solution to the OxyContin problem. That’s why the DEA has stepped in with a sense of urgency, offering its proposals as deterrents to the abuse. There is way around it, illegal OxyContin use is a problem. It’s both. OxyContin is one of the best-selling brand-name drugs in the world, and also one of the most abused drugs. Although, this pill is meant to help save lives it is killing more than it is helping. Many street users of OxyContin are young, like my friends at home are who are unaware of how potent these tablets can be. The addiction to this pill is so dangerous and if is not taken under control it will control you. If you know someone who may be addicted please get them help before there lives go down the tubes. I hope you all can see how important this subject is. It is affecting my life, I hope you can stop it from affecting yours. How to cite The Illegal use of Oxycontin, Essay examples

Molecular Nanotechnology Essay Example For Students

Molecular Nanotechnology Essay The authors interest in nanotechnology stems from the sheer gravity of theclaims made by those researching and developing this technology; in essencethat the capacity to manipulate and program matter with atomic precisionwill witness a sweeping technological revolution, that could make theindustrial revolution seem almost inconsequential in comparison. Molecularnanotechnologycouldpotentiallydelivertremendousadvancesinminiaturization, materials, and manufacturing of all kinds. It couldcompletely remodelengineering,chemistry,medicine,andcomputertechnology, transforming the economic, ecological, and cultural foundationof our lives. As well as the fact that computer technology is at the heart of thedevelopment of nanotechnology, there is a very high relevance to thebenefits that this field will give to computer technology. Molecularmanufacturing could greatly expand the limits of computer technology andits possibilities. with micron-scale computer CPUs being produced that areefficient enough to let miniaturized desktop systems contain literallymillions of processors. Physics todayusesenormousmachinestoinvestigate situations that exist for less than 10 second. (Woodcock Davis 1991 p.16) Clearly, this scenario would change unimaginably with theadvent of this technology as materials over 100 times stronger than thosein normal use today would be engineered enabling huge reductions in thebulk of products. The impact this could have on virtually all areas ofdigital cultures would be vast. In either case, though, if these ideas as products are not commerciallyviable, they become no more important than the preSocratics, relics ofyesteryear for the amusement of idle scholars(Sassower 1995 p.112) Thisquote points to the need for this technology to prove itself as relevantfrom a capitalist perspective and the concept of supercomputers clearlywould. Every manufacturing process currently employed can be simply viewed as amethod for arranging atoms, and their properties depend on how those atomsare arranged. Most of these methods arrange atoms in a very crude mannerand even the most advanced commercial microchips produced today can beconsidered grossly irregular at the atomic scale. However, technology is fast becoming molecularly precise. Advances inphysics, molecular biology, and computer science are focusing on theability to control the structure and function of matter with molecularprecision. Nanotechnology, otherwise known as molecular engineering, is theability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications and refers totechnology that features nanometer scale ranging from fine particles tothin coatings to large molecules. The concept of nanotechnology wasconceived by a man named Eric Drexler. In his book Engines of Creation,released in 1986, he defined nanotechnology as Technology based on themanipulation of individual atoms and molecules to build structures tocomplexatomicspecifications(Drexler1986,p.288).Laboratoryresearchers are currently working towards the creationofmachinespotentially as small as DNA. The basic concept of nanotechnology is simple. Whereas chemists combinemolecules in solution, allowing them to wander and collide at random,leading to unwanted reactions, nanomachines will instead move, split,combine and position molecules in specific locations in a pre-determinedsequence. By doing so, the manner in which the molecules react will becontrolled, and complex structures can be built with atomically precisebuilding blocks. The molecular engineering community is currently proposing the ideal thatmolecular nanotechnology will produce clean energy and materials to replaceolder technologies, and clean up the toxic mess left by them. This can beachieved by incorporating self-regulating systems in the form of self-regulating assembly into nanotechnology from the start. This means thatmolecular assemblers would have limited replication rates through thesebuilt in controls. For example, nanobacteria are organisms less than amicron wide which already has a very slow replication rate. They have alimiting factor that prevents them from turning everything into grey goodespite them being such a common part of the environment. Development principles of the research community work on the grounds thatartificial replicators must be incapable of replication in a natural,uncontrolled environment and evolution within the context of a self-replicating manufacturing system is discouraged. Molecular nanotechnologydesigns should limit proliferation specifically and any replicating systemsshould provide traceability. Specific design guidelines state that any self-replicating device having sufficient onboard information to describe itsown manufacture should encrypt it in a way that any replication error willproduce a blueprint that is randomized. FASCISM EssayHowever, Foucault takes from postmodernism the concepts of fragmentationand multiplicity, the linguistically created subject, and the challenge tocausality. As a poststructuralist,Foucaultattacksstructuralismsscientific pretensions-the quests for foundation, truth, objectivity,certainty and systems. (Eve, Horsfall ; Lee 1997 p.4) Clearly, from thisperspective, these claims would need examining further to establish theirdegree of validity in the real world. Here, Foucault can be seen to takeissue with thosethatconsiderobjectsofknowledgeasreal. Indeed, presently we are quite far away from achieving this ideal of a nano-technological utopia for mankind and human development. Most laboratoryresearchers are advancingwithshorter-termgoalsthanmolecularmanufacturing. Cleaner, more efficient chemical process and molecularframeworks useful in medical therapies are viewed as being achievablepractical applications for this technology in the near future. Other viewsdiffer greatly on this subject Organisms are not random assemblages ofworking parts, the results of trial and error tinkering by naturalselection. They reflect a deep pattern of ordered relationships. (Goodwin1994 p.98) However, the history of science shows that research often hasunintended consequences. A natural consequence of improvements in theseareas could be the development of a technology foundation that would beused to produce the machines neededformoreadvancedmolecularmanufacturing systems. As such, we are very close to witnessing the first applications of anypractical value in this field. Ralph Merkle, a researcher at Xeroxs PaloAlto Research Center, who is one of the leading researchers in the field,feels that within 20 years given the right funding, nanotechnology will bemaking its first public appearance. The implications of success are the prospect that nanotechnology couldpotentially change everything. Once in place mankind and the planet itinhabits would never be the same. However, the enormous opportunities thatthese technological advances could result in, would also bringthepotential for disastrous abuse. The possibility of instant destruction issuperseding strategies of deterrence. Were now going into a new phaseitcould lead us to apocalypse (absolute destruction) (Virilio 1997 p.53) Theresulting military capabilities and their potential misuse need muchconsideration. The only functional component of intelligence agencies isthe one that will be replaced by machines (De Landa 1991 p.203)Clearly, the decisions made in the next two decades in this sphere ofresearch, could have massive impact of the future of humanity. BibliographyAdams J. (1998) The Next World War. London. Random House. De Landa M. (1991) War in the age of intelligent machines. New York. ZoneBooksDrexler (1986) Engines of Creation. New York. Ankor BooksEve R.A., Horsfall S. ; Lee M.E. (1997) Chaos, complexity and sociology. Myths, Models and Theories. London: Sage PublicationsGoldsmith M. (2003) Riotous Robots. 2003. Scholastic Ltd. Goodwin B. (1995) How the leopard changed its spots. London. Phoenix Giant. Gray C.H. (1995) The Cyborg Handbook. London. RoutledgeKelly. K (1994) Out of Control. London. Fourth Estate. Sassower R., (1995) Cultural Collisions. Postmodern Technoscience. London. RoutledgeVirilio P. ; Lotringer S. (1997) Pure War. New York. SemiotextWaldrop. M (1992) Complexity. London. PenguinWiener N. (1996) Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animaland Machine Cambridge. MIT Press. Woodcock A., ; Davis M. (1991) Catastrophe Theory. London. PenguinWooley B (1992) Virtual Worlds. London. Penguin

Grade 11 Poetic Devices and Figurative Language Terms Flashcard

Grade 11 Poetic Devices and Figurative Language Terms

Using the Spanish Verb Haber

Using the Spanish Verb Haber Haber is one of the most common verbs in Spanish, used most of the time as an auxiliary or helping verb. Although haber is similar in form to have and is often translated that way, it is unrelated to the English verb. Haber has three main uses as seen below. Haber as an Auxiliary Verb in Compound Tenses When used as an auxiliary verb, haber is the equivalent of the English auxiliary to have (which is much different than the English to have when it means to possess). Haber is used to form what is known as the perfect tenses because they refer to actions that have been or will be completed. (Completed used to be a common meaning of perfect.) As in English, the perfect tenses are formed by following a form of haber with a past participle. He comprado un coche. (I have bought a car.) ¿Has estudiado? (Have you studied?)Han salido. (They have left.)Habr salido. (She will have left.)Habrà ­a hablado. (I would have spoken.) In English, it is very common to insert an adverb or another word between the two parts of a compound verb, such as in the sentence he has always gone. But in Spanish (except perhaps in poetry), the two verb parts arent separated. As a beginner, you dont need to learn all the tenses using haber now, but you should be able to recognize haber when it is used. You should also be aware that while the perfect tenses in Spanish and English are quite similar in form, they arent always used in exactly the same way. Haber for There Is or There Are One peculiarity of haber is that it has a unique conjugated form, hay (pronounced basically the same as the English eye) that means there is or there are. Hay una silla en la cocina. (There is one chair in the kitchen.)Hay dos sillas en la cocina. (There are two chairs in the kitchen.) Note that in the above examples, the English there isnt referring to location, but to mere existence. The most common word for there in terms of location is allà ­. Example: Hay una silla allà ­. There is a chair there. Haber can be used in this way in tenses other than the present, although not as commonly. In formal Spanish, as in the second example above, the singular form of the verb is used even when it refers to more than one person or thing. Haber  in Idioms Haber can be used in a number of idioms, which are phrases that have a meaning apart from the meanings of the words in them. The one youll run into most often as a beginner is haber que, which means to be necessary when followed by an infinitive. When used this way in the present tense, the hay form of haber is used. Hay que saltar. (It is necessary to jump.)Hay que conocerlo para comprenderlo. (It is necessary to know him in order to understand him.)Habr que salir a las dos. (It will be necessary to leave at 2 oclock.) Conjugating Haber As is the case with most other common verbs, haber is conjugated irregularly. Here is the conjugation for its present indicative tense, the one used most often. yo (I) he I have tà º (informal singular you) has you have usted (formal singular you), à ©l (he), ella (she) ha (sometimes hay) you have, he has, she has nosotros, nosotras (we) hemos we have vosotros, vosotras (informal plural you) habà ©is you have ustedes (formal plural you), ellos, ellas (they) han (sometimes hay) you have, they have

Cooper Union Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Cooper Union Building - Essay Example As the Cooper Union Centre is dedicated to the promotion of science and art, this innovative building stands for the basic values of the institute by blending scientific architectural design experiment with a creative vision for future building designs. Most of the building is lit by natural sunlight and the â€Å"green roof† of this building has won it LEED Gold rating. The design of the building attains a political overtone primarily through assimilating the spirit of Peter Cooper, the founder of the institution, who aimed at promoting free access to all, to the arts, whereas appreciation of art still at large remains an upper class vocation and privilege. It was Slavoj Zizek who took the idea of political unconscious delineated by Frederic Jameson based on the theory of Marxism, and developed it to make it a useful tool in evolving a critique of architecture. Zizek observed that â€Å"there is a coded message in an architectural formal play, and the message delivered by a building often functions as the â€Å"return of the repressed† of the official ideology.† ... This essay begins its argument in the realization that architecture is not at all an, â€Å"autonomous art† but one that exists in relation with a â€Å"complex web of social and political concerns.†8 In this attempt to find the political connotations of architecture, one has to take into account, many streams of thought as evolved by social critics and philosophers like Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Georg Simmel, Roland Barthes and so on. For example, while comparing imaginative and functionalist architecture and its progression through history, Adorno has pointed for the need of a modern aesthetics that addresses both the ends of the spectrum.9 This has to be understood in the backdrop of a market oriented architectural ideology. If the history of architecture is traced from a political angle, it can be seen that the entry of an affluent bourgeoisie reflected in architecture as â€Å"decline in craftmanship, enduring mediocrity, and the swindle of mechanical reproduction. †10 This resulted in â€Å"unmitigated kitsch† and later in an attempt to overcome this and address modern realities of capitalism, â€Å"monstrous, schematically rigid skyscrapers (began to) project out of a raging sea lacquered tin.†11 Bloch had called this trend in architectural design as non-humanely and â€Å"rendered uniform in the domineering form of the glass box.†12 Marxian analysis of architecture has taken this discourse one step further and shown how cultural artifacts, including buildings, serve to reinforce the hegemony of â€Å"commodity capitalism.†13 Hale has went on to explain this concept further citing Walter Benjamin and said that: A new architecture had evolved in iron and glass, which eroded the distinction between inside and outside space. This perfectly suited the

Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Autism - Essay Example The Autism Spectrum Disorders include: Asperger’s Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), Autism Disorder, Child Disintegrative Disorder and Rett Syndrome. 1. Autism Disorder In recent years, diagnoses of Autism have increased both in breadth and in depth. The increase in the prevalence of this developmental disorder to 1 in 88 children has become so alarming that many parents and practitioners have been more diligent in knowing more about it. Zalla et al. (2006) has encapsulated the definition of Autism as follows: It is â€Å"a complex developmental disorder characterised by severe difficulties in communication, social interactions, and executive functions. Social and communication disturbances are generally explained in terms of a defective neurocognitive mechanism responsible for the attribution of thoughts and feelings to oneself and to others† (p. 527). The many symptoms presented by individuals with Autism have been inconsistent in pointing to just one disorder that is why it had to be spread out to various disorders within the Autism spectrum. Although there are overlaps of symptoms, there are also categorical clusters that belong to one disorder that can be differentiated from another disorder. 2. Asperger’s Syndrome Under the umbrella of the Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) exists the highest functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) subtype called Asperger’s Syndrome (Kurita, Koyama & Osada, 2005). This is characterized by several deficits in age-appropriate social interactions and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). 3. Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) defines â€Å"children with symptoms such as restricted social interaction, poor verbal and non-verbal communication skills strict and/or stereotypical behav iors but without full diagnostic criteria of Autism† (APA, 1994 cited in Karabekiroglu & Akbas, 2011, p. 142) as Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The symptoms for this disorder may be observed in other disorders under the umbrella of Autism which makes it difficult to differentiate PDD-NOS from the rest of the disorders in the spectrum. Examples of these shared symptoms are deficits in social reciprocity or communication, as well as the presence of restricted or repetitive behaviors, severe mental retardation or language delay as well as reactive attachment disorder, psychotic disorders (Karabekiroglu & Akbas, 2011). 4. Child Disintegrative Disorder It is more frustrating for parents to know that their healthy and normal children suddenly change for the worse after the first two years of life. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) is one of the disorders that belong to the Autistic spectrum characterized by normal development of communicati on, social and motor skills during the child’s first two years of life followed by a drastic regression between the ages of 2-10 years in at least two of the developmental areas. Other names for childhood disintegrative disorder are Heller's syndrome, Dementia Infantillis and disintegrative psychosis (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorder

The Consequences of World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Consequences of World War I - Essay Example Although that might not get you a very high grade on a history test, many modern scholars perceive WWII as a continuation of WWI, just after a short reprieve. The First World War is often remembered as one of the bloodiest of wars fought; bloodier than what was experienced during the American Civil War. In fact, it is fair to say that no one is Europe, Asia, and the United States, nor the rest of the world, believed that this war would be so destructive, caused so much death, or last so long (Keylor 1). The events of WWI and those that occurred directly after led to consequences that changed the societal structures, national economies, and, ultimately, led to the start of WWII 20 years later. History Prior to WWI the United States had not been involved in any wars since the turn of the century. Things in Europe were going quite differently. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of the Austrian Emperor, along with his wife while vacationing had outraged the Austrians. Serbia was held responsible. However, while waiting to be certain that they had the support and backing of Germany, gave the Serbians time to guarantee the backing and support of Russia. War was declared, approximately a month later, in July of 1914. The Central Powers included Germany, Austrio-Hungary, and Turkey opposing the Allies, which included Russia, France, Serbia, Great Britain, Japan, Belgium, and later the United States (Keylor 1). Trench warfare began. However, it was not long before troops and financing began to dwindle. It was not until 1917 that the United States entered and declared war on Germany. This was a direct reaction to the German’s sinking the British Ship the Lusitania, which killed a number of American passengers, and a telegram sent by Germany offering Untied States lands to Mexico if they would join them in opposing the United States. The war would rage throughout until 1919. In total, More than 9 million sailors, soldiers, and pilots were killed, 5 million civilians were caught in the crossfire of war, and then another 7 million men returned home injured and/or permanently disabled. There were also huge costs involved in the length of the world, billions of dollars spent across the 28 different countries (Mintz 1). Discussion The consequences of WWI saw the United States begin to rise as dominate economic and political power in the world, mostly because many of the nations of Europe were so depleted. For Europeans the consequences were quite harsh. The political, economic, and social orders of European society, in some cases, came â€Å"crashing down.† It saw the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Germany, Austrio-Hungary, and Russian empires (Keylor 1). New nations were emerging as borders began to change, ethnic tensions were heightening, and an inability to recover from the losses suffered due to the war. As a response many leaders sought to establish a â€Å"new international system† that would help repair damage in Europe and lead to a more productive future for all of the nations. Delegates from these nations met in Paris, France in 1919 to discuss the â€Å"Treaty of Versailles.† However, the major powers, in the treaty discussions were left to Britain, France, Italy, and the United States. It was during this time that the â€Å"league of Nations† was established which would ideally aid in preventing other armed warfare in the future. Although, Germany felt slighted by the treaty, but did not lose territory and therefore signed the treaty. Also, many felt that the Germans were responsible for the majority of WWI, and therefore cost them dearly. Ultimately, the United State

Experiences of Pediatric Cancer Survivors

Experiences of Pediatric Cancer Survivors Exploring the experiences of pediatric cancer survivors in Karachi, Pakistan. Muhammad Tahir Saleem This chapter presents the study design, its setting, the sampling technique, the data collection process and the details of data analysis. In addition, the ethical considerations and study limitations are also discussed in the chapter. Methodology Qualitative methods are utilized to generate knowledge about a new area of interest. Qualitative research methods are mostly descriptive in nature to bring out the subjective meaning of behaviors and attitudes (Polit Beck, 2008). As there is no documented evidence for the issues encountered by cancer survivors in Pakistan, the researcher felt that the question about the experiences of cancer patients and their needs for care could be best upraised by following a naturalistic inquiry using a qualitative methodology. Study Design The descriptive explorative qualitative design was used in this study to explore the experiences of survivors of pediatric malignancies. In the process of developing new knowledge one or more characteristics of a specific population can be examined by utilizing descriptive designs whereas, exploratory designs are used when an in-depth exploration of a single process, variable or concept is required (Wood and Ross-Kerr, 2011). Hence, in order to delineate the characteristics and conduct an in-depth exploration of the phenomenon of survivorship, the descriptive exploratory design was employed for the study. This design offers flexibility to generate knowledge by ensuring less control of the researcher over the variable and allowing the manifestation of subjective experience of the cancer survivors. Study Setting There is substantial amount of evidence that over the past decade the incidence of lymphoma is on the increase in Karachi, (Bhurgri, 2004), and this is equally applicable to all pediatric cancers. Karachi is a metropolitan city with a population, representative of diverse cultural, socioeconomic and educational backgrounds from all over Pakistan. The study site, the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) is located in Karachi and it receives patients from diverse financial and geographical backgrounds from all over Pakistan. These characteristics make AKUH suitable as the study setting. Study population The pediatric oncology follow-up clinics of AKUH were identified as suitable places to study a variety of individuals who had survived pediatric cancers. All pediatric patients registered with the department of pediatric oncology AKUH were the study population. The study participants were the follow-up patients in the remission period who survived pediatric cancer and were discharged from the oncology clinic after completion of their anti-cancer treatment. Sampling Technique The purposive sampling technique is used in the present study. Despite the fact that a non-probability sample is less likely to be a representative of each individual of the population, in order to develop a rich and holistic understanding of survivorship, the sampling decision would be based on the informational and theoretical needs of the phenomenon of interest (Polit Beck, 2008). Therefore, based on the researcher’s prior knowledge about the population, participants who were particularly knowledgeable about the issue under study were chosen purposefully. Purposive sampling that deliberately reduces variation and permits a more focused inquiry for typical cases (Polit Beck, 2008), such as previously treated pediatric cancer patients (in remission), would bring qualitative information enriched with their lived experiences about cancer and its treatment. Sample Size Recruitment of the participants continued until theoretical saturation became apparent. Theoretical saturation is a point in time achieved in data collection process when no new relevant concepts are recognized in comparison with the data already produced; and researcher may only find repetition of previously collected data (Burns Grove, 2009; Gerrish Lacey, 2010). Male and female participants were randomly chosen at the pediatric oncology follow up clinics. Eight participants, four male and four female were interviewed after taking informed consent at pediatric oncology follow-up clinics. Ages of the patients ranged between 08-25 years. The length of time since completion of chemotherapy and radiation therapy was one year. The selected patients were in remission after having completed anticancer treatment for at least one year so that research would reveal the rich experience of the individuals who were treated and were disease free after the treatment regimen. Patients were cogni zant about their diagnosis and the treatment and subsequent after the treatment. Inclusion Criteria: Both male and females cancer survivors Children Age 08-16 years Diagnosed as having had Pediatric Cancer Have had completed anti-cancer treatment regimen In remission for at least one year after treatment Exclusion Criteria: Children who are on active treatment or relapsed after completion of treatment Children who did not sign voluntary informed consent Data Collection In-depth interviews are used when the researcher has a list of topics that are needed to be explored. Interview Guides are the list of areas or questions to be covered with each participant. These guides may be pilot tested before embarking upon the actual data collection (Polit Beck, 2008). For the study under discussion, the researcher has prepared a written interview guide with Urdu translations that are attached as Appendix A. While preparing the interview guides a previously developed questionnaire for oncology was referred to (FACIT, 2010). The prepared interview guides were sent to the committee members for their opinion. The interviews allowed the researcher to explore the research topic in a broader way. The venue for the interview was an allocated room at pediatric oncology clinic at AKUH. In addition, the technique of interview permitted the researcher to probe on the issues which needed further exploration and clarification more in detail at the same time of interaction with the participant. Immerging ideas were also incorporated in the future session of data collection to enhance the richness of the data. It allowed the respondents to recall their memories and bring out the rich experiences in detail. The respondents expressed their feelings and perceptions in the context of the topic under discussion. These first hand reports of the participants, probing of the researcher during interview and researchers own reflections for nonverbal clues helped in collecting enriched data from the survivors of pediatric cancers. Each interview took about 30 to 45 minutes. A female moderator conducted the interviews for female pediatric cancer survivors. Interviews were recorded on an audio recorder with pseudo names. The pseudo names were used at transcription process to certify confidentiality. Demographic information e.g. age, gender, native area, history of ailment like diagnosis and treatment, length of treatment and treatment modalities used during the treatment process were also recorded at the beginning of the interview. The interviews were transcribed verbatim in Udru Language and translated by the researcher in such a way that no meaning was sacrificed. Data Analysis The audio-taped interviews in Urdu were transcribed word by word and analyzed manually. The interview generated codes, categories and/or sub categories and then themes, which in qualitative research are said to be broad units of information that consist of several codes aggregated to form a common idea (Creswell, 2013).The researcher listened to the recordings several times in order to assimilate the data to generate accurate transcription. To analyze the collected material during data collection, the recorded interviews were transcribed in the form of a formatted document for manual thematic analysis. The researcher then reverberated in the data to take similarities and differences of ideas. By doing this various specific ideas were identified which were labeled as codes. The codes were put under the sub categories and categories. The ideas or codes were marked very carefully in a way that prevented the researchers own frame of mind from affecting the interpretation of the collected data to reduce bias and ensure bracketing (Tufford Newman, 2012). Careful reflections were made to keep researchers own thoughts and understandings from affecting the analysis (internal validity). Various identified ideas were then grouped together by axial coding in order to make tentative categories of themes. As the process of analysis proceeded, these tentative codes or categories were merged to form common themes under the guidance of the research supervisor to avoid gaps in qualitative inference of the data. The valuable input of the research supervisor also shielded the analyses process form the personal reflexivity (biases in analysis due to personal assumptions, values and beliefs) of the novice researcher. To ensure the credibility and consistency of the analysis, constant input from the external supervisors (committee members) were also incorporated. A chronological record of all the activities of the study was made by the investigator in order to ensure the dependabili ty/audibility of the study. To safeguard the transferability of the research, the study settings, context of the study and demographics of the patients with their diagnosis and treatment modalities were noted to enable the future investigators to replicate the study (Polit and Beck, 2008). Ensuring trustworthiness and quality of the study Rigour in the qualitative researches is defined as the means by which the researcher shows integrity and competence (Aroni et al., as cited in Holloway Wheeler, 2010). Trustworthiness to maintain rigour in the study was maintained ensuring credibility, dependability, conformability and transferability (Lincon Guba, 1985). Credibility Credibility is the extent to which the data and interpretation of the research are grounded in the events rather than the inquirers personal construct (Lincoln Guba, as cited in Polit Beck, 2008). In other words credibility of a study is ensured when it presents such faithful interpretations of participants’ experiences that they are able to recognize them as their own (Hall Stevens as cited in Long, Johnson, 2000). A conscious attempt was made by the researcher to maintain credibility during the study. The researcher tried his best to remain involved with the participants during interviews rather than being with them only to ask questions and record the answers. It was done by helping participants to elaborate their lived experiences and allowing them to recall the events that occurred during the diagnosis and treatment. Triangulation was done by taking notes during the interview, recording of the demographics and cross checking of the data by the research supervisor. Dependability Dependability refers to the reliability of the collected data over time and over conditions in which the research is done (Lincoln Guba as cited in Polit Beck, 2008). It determines whether the process of study was consistent and reasonably stable over time. The researcher attained this by working on the research plan with the research supervisors and committee members, by taking approval from the ethical review committee of the institute and by submitting the updates of the research process to the supervisor and the committee members. The researchers’ personal record, notes during the interview and transcription records were kept chronologically so that the process of the study can be traceable. Conformability Conformability refers to objectivity to verify the quality and adequacy of the results and interpretation. The accuracy, relevance and meaning of the data are appraised by two or more independent people for congruence (Polit Beck, 2008). Conformability is achieved by having the input of the supervisor and the committee members at every step of the research. All the interviews and their transcript were cross checked by the supervisor. The thematic analysis by the researcher was cross checked by the supervisor for congruency and objectivity of the outcome. The researcher also maintained the records of unrefined data, transcriptions of the interviews, and also the records for synthesis and analysis of data. Transferability Transferability refers to the generalizability of the data and the results that came out as a result of subsequent analysis ((Polit Beck, 2008). In order to make the result applicable to other settings, the researcher interviewed male and female cancer survivors at the follow up clinic of the pediatric oncology. The demographics of the participants, who had different socio-economic status showed that they were from different backgrounds as they belonged to the provinces of Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa, Sindh, Baluchistan and lower Punjab. To maintain homogeneity, four male and female were interviewed. Therefore, the consumers of this research can use the results at different places in similar context. Ethical Consideration World Medical Association has put forward a statement of ethical principal as Declaration of Helsinki to guide medical research involving human subjects (World Medical Association, 2014). To fulfil the requirement of the article 22 and 23 of recently revised document of Declaration of Helsinki, a research proposal was made and submitted to the Ethical Review Committee (ERC) of AKUH. Approval from the Director of Nursing Services (DNS) and also from the Medical Director (MD) of AKUH was taken to conduct the study and was submitted to the ERC with the research proposal. Approvals from the DNS and the MD are attached as Appendix C and Appendix D respectively. The participants’ right of autonomy was maintained by having a consent form signed by the participant and the parent of each participant after giving complete information about the study and its significance. Ascent form with Urdu translations is attached as Appendix B and Appendix D respectively. A confidential ID number fo r further identification was assigned to each participant and to the corresponding data. As research thesis is one of the requirements of MScN program for Aga Khan School of Nursing and Midwifery the fund for the study was already allocated in the Master’s program budget. The thesis budget is attached as Appendix G. A formal approval was granted to conduct the study by ERC of Aga Khan University. Summary of the chapter This chapter presented the methodology for the study, giving a brief description of the study design, study setting, and sampling technique. The chapter also included the data collection and data analysis plan. Ethical considerations for conducting the study are discussed in the end. Reference Bhurgri, Y. (2004). Karachi Cancer Registry Dataimplications for the National Cancer Control Program of Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 5(1), 77-82. Burns, N., Grove, S. K. (2010). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications, Incorporated. FACIT (2010). Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy General (constitutes the core of all subscales; the FACT-G can be used with patients of any tumor type), 2007. Retrieved on 11-11-2013Retrieved from http://www.facit.org/FACITOrg/Questionnaires Gerrish, K., Lacey, A. (2010). The research process in nursing. John Wiley Sons Holloway, I. S, Wheeler (2010). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. Wiley Blackwel. com. Tufford, L., Newman, P. (2012). Bracketing in qualitative research.Qualitative Social Work,11(1), 80-96. Long, T., Johnson, M. (2000). Rigour, reliability and validity in qualitative research.Clinical effectiveness in nursing,4(1), 30-37. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2008). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Wolters Kluwer Health World Medical Association (2014). Declaration of Helsinki. Retrieved June 30, 2014, from http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/ Wood, M. J., Ross-Kerr, J. (2010).Basic steps in planning nursing research: From question to proposal. Jones Bartlett Publishers.

Sexualy Transmited Diseases: Hemophilia Essay -- Genetic Bleeding Dis

Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder that slows down the clotting process of one’s blood. There are two types of the disorder: hemophilia A and hemophilia B. Both result in very similar symptoms, however, they are caused by different mutations of genes on the X chromosome. The way in which the disorder is inherited is known as an â€Å"X-linked recessive pattern.† Since males only have one X chromosome, one gene mutation is all that is needed in order to obtain hemophilia. On the other hand, females have two X chromosomes meaning that two mutations (on on each X chromosome) are required to inherit hemophilia. For that reason, it’s far more unlikely for females to have hemophilia than it is for males. Specifically, the genes which cause hemophilia A and hemophilia B are the F8 gene and the F9 gene respectively. Mutations in these genes trigger the production of abnormal versions or reduce the number of coagulation factors VIII or IX. Subsequently, these miss ing or scarce proteins are not able to aid in the blood clotting process which causes excessive and continuous bleeding. There are varying levels of the severity of hemophilia which are all dependent on the extent of mutation of coagulation factors VIII or IX (Hemophilia, n.d.). There is, however, another form of hemophilia that is rare. It is known as acquired hemophilia, and it is caused by one’s body producing specialized proteins (autoantibodies) that attack coagulation factor VIII. In this rare case, it is not caused by genetic mutation or scarcity. The body’s production of autoantibodies can sometimes be attributed to pregnancy, allergic reactions, cancer, or immune system disorders (Hemophilia, n.d.). Symptoms Someone that is affected by hemophilia would be prone to ... ... 19, 2014, from https://online.epocrates.com/u/2923468/Hemophilia/Basics/Epidemiology Hemophilia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hemophilia Hemophilia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemophilia/basics/symptoms/con-20029824 How Is Hemophilia Treated? (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2014, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/treatment.html Inheritance Pattern of Hemophilia. (n.d.). In Hemophilia Federation of America. Retrieved March 20, 2014, from http://www.hemophiliafed.org/bleeding-disorders/hemophilia/inheritance/ The N-terminal Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domain in Factor IX and Factor X Represents an Important Recognition Motif for Binding to Tissue Factor*. (n.d.). Retrieved March 18, 2014, from http://www.jbc.org/content/277/5/3622

Monitor of experience in rock climbing

To be able to perform at a level which is suitable for me to gain employment in the world of outdoor pursuits, one of my mid-term goals, it is vital that I am able to monitor my own progress in order to critically evaluate my levels of fitness, skill and knowledge in certain aspects of the industry. In this case rock climbing. In order for me to progress I must monitor my current levels and be able to produce a programme which will allow me to push these levels to a higher standard, motivating myself as I do so by working at a standard that allows me to remain focused and set on my chosen goal. Prior Experience Although I entered into outdoor education with no prior experience, as soon as I heard that I was going to be climbing as a major part of my course and would be required to do so as a large part of my chosen career I wasted no time in researching the sport. Having tutors with a large knowledge base for the subject I made notes in their lessons highlighting key words, which I later researched further in books or on the internet, a tool with which I have a wide experience of working with from my previous career and something which I have recently used to acquire a wider knowledge base in relation to climbing. I attended and continue to attend all practical sessions in order to gain first-hand experience of the sport under expert instruction and continue to learn outside of college using my own climbing equipment and going over what I have been taught. The sport is now a hobby of mine and as such I enjoy researching it, watching videos of professional climbers and reading publications on different styles of climbing, rope work and the associated use of equipment required to make the sport safe. I have the backing from family and friends which is very important to me as they provide me with encouragement and morale support and offer me transport to and from climbing areas acting as climbing partners when needed. My tutors are a constant source of information, available upon request and even allow me to climb with them on the indoor wall at college and outdoors on certain occasions. By observing fellow athletes I am able to look at different aspects of climbing such as body positioning and different types of holds which I would otherwise know nothing about. Technical Knowledge and Skills My technical knowledge is definitely at a higher level than my technical skills. I have bought enough of my own equipment to enable me to go climbing on my own and get used to using the various tools needed in the sport. I have spent time concentrating on the top of the crag ignoring everything except placing protection and creating anchor points in order to be able to climb. This subject however is huge and the amount that I know is only a small percentage of what is out there so I continue to buy and borrow books, videos and other materials demonstrating various forms of placing protection. Through the leadership and party management section of my college course I have been able to take groups of individuals from varying backgrounds climbing something, which has helped me to develop my rope work and safety skills further, whilst on the crag or at the indoor wall. Being responsible for the well-being of others has made me look more closely at the theory behind placing protection and has allowed me to experience first-hand by working alongside a highly qualified tutor exactly what it is like to rig up a variety of climbing routes safely in order for people to be able to climb on them. Different from placing protection is the actual skills needed to be able to climb. From studying the different types of hand and feet techniques and by looking at climbers body positions as they climb I have began to slowly understand certain aspects of climbing which will enable me to successfully complete a climb and conserve the most amount of energy possible when doing so. However recognising and knowing the names of the different types of techniques required for climbing is not enough and successfully putting them into practice can only be done by actually climbing and working on those techniques which I am least familiar with. Climbing outdoors and more significantly on the bouldering wall at college has enabled me to experience these techniques and has paved the way into motivating myself into creating a training schedule for myself in order to push my climbing grades. The wall at college is overhanging, all of it! which requires a lot of arm strength and correct body positioning in order to stay off the floor. Training at first in this way was very uninspiring for me and it took a while for me to begin to be able to successfully move around on the wall. Through training with the tutors who have showed me various bouldering problems (the term used for a climbing route) and creating problems of my own I have been able to achieve that feeling of progress which I need to inspire myself and have begum training on a regular basis. At around 8:30am on the days that I am in college I climb on the bouldering wall completing 5 circuits with each circuit containing the same 5 problems. The problems consist of various hand and foot holds which will help me to work a selection of muscle groups in my body as apposed to a few which is what would happen if I was to stick to the same types of holds all the time like hose which I am strongest. I train at around 8:30am as I am least likely to be interrupted and the college is cooler than it is during the afternoon. Although progress is being made it is slow and some days I seem to do better than others but I am committed to sticking to my schedule and continuing to learn about the theory behind the technical side of climbing. On an afternoon, after finishing my studies I go to the weights room in college where I build strength in my arms, chest and back, working various muscle groups which I believe will allow me to raise my endurance levels and allow me to climb stronger and more aggressively. More recently and I believe as a response to this training my upper body strength has improved and I am moving more fluidly on the bouldering wall and even soloing (climbing on my own) on routes I wouldn't have considered a few months ago. I am soon entering the training phase of my Single Pitch Award (SPA) which is a big form of motivation for me to get out on the crag on weekends and concentrate on my lead climbing (climbing whilst placing leader protection in the rock as you climb) in order to go in for my assessment. Although the award only requires me to climb at the lowest grade in rock climbing I will work at a level comfortable at the time which enables me to push myself without any stress or pressure to do so. Levels of Fitness My fitness at the moment is at a reasonable level although I would not class myself as super fit. I smoked for 8 years before starting this course and have managed to successfully quit for just under a year with no desire to start again. I walk and climb on a weekend when possible weighting down my backpack to improve my cardiovascular and respiratory fitness. This also helps my lower body strength. I have cut down drastically on my alcohol consumption and go out maybe once a week as opposed to every other night which I was doing last year. I have noticed a vast improvement from the beginning of my course in my ability to walk up a mountain which indicates that my cardiovascular and respiratory fitness has in fact improved. In relation to climbing finger strength is a major downfall in my climbing. As this is a part of my body which I would have never considered building on for strength my fingers and hands are relatively weak when attempting to hold my body weight. A variation of small holds of different directions on the college bouldering wall however is helping me to build on these strengths and I always go for the smallest hold possible where me strength permits. At rest my pulse rate is 72bpm and my breathing is 18bpm After exercise my pulse rate is 156bpm and my breathing is 18bpm After 5 mins rest my pulse rate is 84bpm and my breathing is 18bpm These levels are considered average for my age and gender but do not show that I am extremely fit. My weight is correct for my age, gender and height. Diet My diet leaves a lot to be desired. I rarely eat take-away food unless I am away from home but do eat fatty foods on occasions where time is a factor and fried food appears more convenient. I am aware of the consequences of such a diet and I am currently beginning to eat more nutritious foods such as salad based sandwiches at lunch time and oven cooked or grilled meat and cooked vegetables on the evenings. Training Attendance and Effort At the moment I only train when I am in college which is around 2 to 3 times a week and this is often random and non-consistent. Some days I am able to climb better than others and when I am having a bad day climbing I find it hard to motivate myself into completing my circuits. I usually climb on a morning and lift weights on an afternoon after my classes although this often depends on the type of day I'm having and if something which I deem to be more important has come up. I enjoy training but I wouldn't say that I was extremely dedicated although I have been training quite consistently the past couple of weeks and am definitely noticing a difference with my climbing and the amount of weight that I am able to lift. My effort is often varied once again being highly dependent on the mood I am in and the type of day I am having. I wouldn't say that I have a strict training schedule, more of a ‘more frequent than usual' approach to exercising. I have made sure that I have attended all of the practical days at college and have missed maybe one session since starting there. These days have been extremely valuable to me as I have been able to work alongside and observe much more experienced climbers than myself, something which has not only taught me elements of rock climbing but has also motivated me into exploring certain elements of the sport further helping me to improve my technical knowledge and skills. Access to Equipment My main source for training is the bouldering wall at college which is freely available for me to use whenever I choose. This is usually only when I am in college though as I live in Teesside and find it difficult to get in some days. I have enough of my own equipment to train outside of college and do so on weekends, weather permitting. Living in Teesside I am very close to some excellent climbing venues both outdoors on the crags dotted throughout the Cleveland Hills and Indoors at Sunderland Wall and Thornaby which has a small bouldering wall made by the same people who built Sunderland Wall. The north of England is an excellent location for climbing and other outdoor pursuits. The Lake District is only an hour or so away although I have not been there to climb as yet. I have however climbed at Brimham Rocks and Almscliffe both near Harrogate. Other climbers that I know are kind enough to lend me any equipment which I might need for a day on the crag with the general rule that I supply my own rope and other nylon equipment which can become damaged in the event of a leader fall and should be recorded for safety reasons and to keep a check on the strength and deterioration of equipment. Access to Effective Coaching Being a student studying an Outdoor Education course I am able to ask for expert advice at anytime from my tutors who I have no doubt will be happy to help me. Although the climbing part of my course is now over and other outdoor activities are being concentrated on I am still able to use the bouldering wall at college as part of my training schedule and I am even able to train alongside my tutor who will guide me in the right direction or offer me information and videos or publications which will help me to progress. Although it would be encouraged for me to find out most of the information for myself in relation to setting up my own individual training schedule I am able to ask for help where needed, something which would cost me money if I were not studying Outdoor Education. Leadership Communication Skills Since starting the course I have been lucky enough to have the opportunity to work with various groups from schools around County Durham and the Teesside area. Working with these individuals who were aged between 14-16 years old I have been able to develop my communication skills in relation to climbing and working with groups and have experienced in different surroundings how important it is to be a good communicator both verbally and non-verbally. From first meeting a group and working with them I feel that I can be quite confrontational if the group in question is unwilling to learn or becomes disruptive when I am attempting to teach them something. I have learned that this is an inappropriate way of communicating though and I am beginning to adopt a more passive way of communicating following working with groups of dysfunctional teenagers who do not respond well to confrontation. I am a good listener and I speak clearly enough to be able to get my point across and in a manner which I feel allows people to understand and follow my instructions. I keep my body language as neutral as possible standing with my arms by my side or in front, never crossing them and always making eye contact with those that I am speaking or listening to. I do interact with members of a group but prefer to work more on the technical side working with equipment and setting up climbs more than attempting to motivate groups or acting as a counsellor, although I do always make myself available if someone wishes to talk to me or ask me something. Values and Beliefs I have strong values and beliefs in the way that I respect other people, whether these are climbing partners, groups I am working with or other climbers on the crag/wall. I follow both the written and un-written rules of climbing and respect the venues at which I climb. From being taught by working alongside other climbers who have years of experience I have been taught what is and isn't good practice and go out of my way to ensure that I follow these values in my day to day climbing. Possible Areas for Improvement or Change I feel that I could improve in the way that I train in general. I could put together a more consistent training schedule which would enable me to become stronger quicker and in the parts of my body which I use the most in a session. My attitude towards teaching and communicating with a group in the first hour or so from meeting them could be improved by talking to them more and finding ways to make a session more fun either by incorporating different teaching methods or by investigating their backgrounds and finding out what their interests and attitudes are towards the session that I am taking. My training and diet could be improved by eating healthier, balanced meals. Less fried food and more vegetables. More training and stretching would enable me to become more flexible, reaching harder holds and enabling me to improve my body positioning resulting on me staying on the wall for longer, preventing injury and ultimately improving my levels of endurance through prolonged periods of climbing. I also believe that this will improve my general rate of recovery, which could be shortened. My co-ordination skills need working on and I can do this by taking more time on a climb and watching where my next hold is. Being able to visualise a climb before I actually climb it would, I think make me more focussed and enable me to climb smoother with more fluidity. When training at college I should have more trust in my colleagues when they are belaying me, but this is difficult because of the age difference and in some cases the ratio of their weight to mine. Methods of Assessment Profile Wheel Below is a profile wheel demonstrating my strengths and weaknesses on a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being poor and 10 being good. All of the sections included in the wheel contribute in some way to my training and can be found in further detail above. S.W.O.T Analysis I have selected my major strengths and weaknesses from the profile wheel and have listed some opportunities and threats which either enable or stop me from climbing. Strengths Intelligence I am intelligent enough to realise when something is dangerous allowing me to prevent injuries from occurring or if I am doing something which will benefit or hinder my climbing. Pain Tolerance I am not squeamish to injury or pain and as such I am able to push myself during training allowing my body to develop and advance to harder climbs. Determination I am a determined individual who wishes to succeed. I know what I want from my college course and my training and I am determined enough to go out and get it. Rope work My rope work skills are probably better than my climbing skills. I have researched further a lot of the techniques and skills taught to me in the practical sessions of my course. I have borrowed books from the library, bought books and read magazines / watched videos which have enabled me to learn more techniques in relation to my rope work. Selecting Appropriate Equipment I have the knowledge to select the appropriate equipment to enable me to climb safely either inside at a climbing wall or outside on a crag something which allows me to climb and to push my grades knowing that I will be protected in the event of a fall. Weaknesses Flexibility My flexibility is quite restricted. Being a tall person I find it quite difficult to raise my legs up past waist height in order to reach a tricky hold. This can be improved by me however by stretching more and taking part in more aerobic exercise. Body Positioning Another element of my flexibility is knowing how to position my body in order to stay on an awkward hold, for example a side pull, will enable me to climb for longer, pushing my levels of endurance. Trust I have difficulty trusting my climbing partners because they are either inexperienced, which is the case for my partner from home who has not had much climbing experience or they are quote a bit younger than me and quite immature and easily distracted. Endurance I have trouble climbing long climbs or climbing for extended periods of time. This I feel can be improved by working on my flexibility which in turn will help to improve my body positioning allowing me to stay on holds longer resulting in me climbing for longer and pushing my endurance levels. Visualisation If I am able to visualise a climb before I climb it, something which I rarely do I would be able to improve my levels of coordination and would connect with holds more helping me to stay on the wall / crag for longer. Opportunities College Bouldering Wall The college bouldering wall offers me a great opportunity to train. The wall is overhanging which helps me to build my upper body strength allowing me to climb stronger on vertical or slabby climbs. Tutors often use this wall and allow me to climb with them creating the perfect opportunity to try new routes and techniques and ultimately push my fitness levels and climbing grades. Tutors (See above) North East Climbing Venues I live in Teesside very close to the Cleveland Hills, which accommodate some of the best climbing venues in the country. Further good climbing can be found at Sunderland's and Aycliffe's indoor walls and excellent outdoor venues found in the Lake District and the North of England. College Practical Sessions Although the practical climbing sessions have now stopped in replacement of other activities they have proved to be a valuable source of information for me and have ultimately enabled me to go out on my own or with a climbing partner knowing that I am able to successfully and safely climb in or out of doors. Own Equipment Armed with the knowledge obtained from the practical sessions I have managed to gather together my own equipment, which I am now able to use to climb outside of college, helping me to continue to train after college, in the holidays and when I pass the course and go into my chosen career. Threats Transport Not being able to drive I sometimes find it difficult to get to climbing venues, which are often in hard to reach, rural settings, something which prevents me from climbing on certain days. Financial Situation My financial situation is less than ideal. This can prevent me from using climbing venues where a fee is involved and prevents me from being able to pay for driving lessons which create the threat described above. Lack of Knowledge Although I have the basic knowledge to enable me to go out and climb on my own, there is a lot to know about rock climbing both technically and physically and this can prevent me from knowing certain ‘trade secrets' which could enable me to progress at a quicker rate than I am at the present. Bad Weather The weather is an incontrollable element of my training. Bad weather has prevented or hindered my progress on several occasions, preventing me from climbing outdoors. Although simply going indoors as an alternative when the weather is bad, my financial situation and lack of access to transport can often prevent this. Injury Although I have had no serious injuries as a result of climbing this is a constant threat which could knock my training back to the start in the occurrence of a broken leg for example which can take up to six weeks to heal. Such an injury prevents further training and produces a weakness in that area and possible psychological damage. Summary By using a profile wheel and selecting my weakest and strongest attributes from that wheel I have been able to identify what I am good at and what needs my attention during training. Through highlighting these attributes I will now work towards maintaining my strengths, training my weaknesses, maximising my opportunities and minimising my threats in task two of The Reflective Practitioner. I will be able to do this by identifying my short term and long term goals and analysing these using SMART Targets.

10 jobs with the highest divorce rates

10 jobs with the highest divorce rates We work because we have to, and also to make life better- jobs afford us the income we need to survive, in addition to hopefully offering some level of personal fulfillment. Unfortunately, work can also have negative consequences that spill over into our personal lives. One of the worst side effects of a job is when it interferes with marriages, and certain jobs are more likely to lead to divorce than others. The following 10 jobs have the highest divorce rates, and you may be surprised by some of the results. 1. Dancer/ChoreographerBelieve it or not, dancers and dance choreographers are the professionals most at risk for divorce. The intimacy of dancing often leads to extramarital affairs between co-workers.2. BartenderLess of a shock is that fact that a large number of married bartenders split up with their spouses. Just think about it: a workplace in which people gather to hook up + heavy doses of free-flowing alcohol = a recipe for disaster for some people.3. Massage TherapistWha t’s more intimate than swaying together on the dance floor or sharing a shot at the bar? Well, touching another person’s unclothed body comes to mind. That’s the job description of massage therapists, so it is unsurprising that their marriages tend to break up.4. Gaming Cage WorkerBeing a gaming cage worker involves conducting financial transactions at casinos. Casinos attract clientele who enjoy the edgy entertainments of gambling and drinking, and such people may be more likely to engage in the equally risky pursuit of infidelity. Gaming cage workers have the extra enticement of dealing directly with money, which is a major turn on for a lot of people.5. Extruding Machine OperatorsAn extruding machine operator works on an assembly line. One theory is that this repetitious, alienating, and highly unstable work causes a psychological disconnect in workers that can lead to divorce. It is also low-paying work performed by people with relatively little education, w hich can also be factors in unstable marriages.6. Gaming Service WorkerNow we return to the casino for another job that often spells trouble for marriages. Gaming service workers tend to get divorced for the same reasons as gaming cage workers. They are possibly slightly less at risk since gaming service workers are not actually involved in the exchange of money, though there is more direct contact with other people.7. Factory WorkerLike extruding machine operators, factory workers perform repetitive, low-paying work that does not require a higher education degree. Such people are likelier to get divorces than highly educated, financially stable individuals who get to perform more intellectually stimulating and personally fulfilling work.8. Switchboard OperatorSwitchboard operator may seem like a decidedly old-fashioned job, but these folks who direct our phone calls are still around in great enough number to register in divorce-rate censuses. The stress of switchboard work is a maj or factor in the high divorce rate of people who perform this rapidly disappearing job.9. Nurse/Health AideWorking as a nurse or health aide comes with the dual issues of being highly stressful and extremely intimate. The long hours involved in such work can put a major strain on a marriage, and the close contact between worker and patient can lead to infidelity.10. Entertainer/Performer/Pro AthleteYou may have expected entertainers and pro athletes to take the top spot on this list since no one receives more attention for getting divorced than entertainers and athletes. Of course, no one receives more attention for doing absolutely anything than entertainers and pro athletes. Nevertheless, these are jobs that involve spending weeks or months away from home and being on the receiving end of adulation from fans who often have more in mind than snagging an autograph.